Shannon Smith

Educational Consultant - ELA

shannon.smith@miu4.org

Our colleagues from Teaching American History are returning! Join us in Grove City for a day scholarly conversation, professional development, and classroom resources. The registration links are active and will close a month prior to the event. Please use the links below to register. 10 Act 48 Hours will be awarded for each seminar attended.

Populists and Progressives

Dr. Jason Jividen

The transition to an industrial economy posed many challenges for American politics. As a response to these challenges, the American populist and progressive movements arose in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. In this seminar, we will briefly examine some of the basic principles of these movements, discuss some of their reform proposals, and try to assess their lasting influence on the development of American political ideals and institutions.

November 17, 2025

8:30 am - 2:30 pm

Lunch is provided.

Origins of the Cold War

DL: John Moser

How did the alliances of World War 2 break down, and so quickly, after 1945? How close were these alliances in the first place, and what differences existed between the United States and the Soviet Union that acted as wedges between these two states and their respective allies? This seminar focuses on the ideas, events, and people – as expressed in key documents – of the years immediately after the end of World War 2, and how the Cold War began.

April 13, 2026

8:30 am - 2:30 pm

Lunch is provided.

From The National Constitution Center

Read this new article entitled “A Brief History of the Constitution and Tariffs” from the National Constitution Center.

Looking for ways to keep students engaged and melt the winter slump? Explore free virtual programs that encourage students to explore history, engage in constitutional conversations, and deepen their understanding of both history and the Constitution in a dynamic and accessible way.

New From The Center for Civic Education

Look through the Center’s entire teacher-created civics inquiry lesson series, which engages students by making real-world connections through discovery, exploration, and high-level questioning. Find out how you can get your students involved in the research-backed We the People: The Citizen and the Constitution program on their website.

New from The OER Project

This new Oceanic Connections collection will help you keep your head above water with some superb materials on early global trade networks, notable seafarers, and tracking migration patterns. Dive into these highlights—the water’s fine!

The Civics Center

4 million Americans turn 18 every year, but it’s estimated that fewer than 30% are registered to vote.

Barriers to registration are the #1 obstacle to youth voter turnout. The Civics Center has the solution: Preregister teens in high school.

The Civics Center provides free training and resources to help make voter registration part of the fabric of the high school experience in America: an exciting part of growing up, a fun thing to engage in, and readily available twice a year.

2025 Belfer National Conference for Holocaust Education

Registration is open for the 2025 Belfer National Conference for Holocaust Education, taking place June 23-25. At this free, virtual professional learning conference, educators will explore the latest practices in accurate, meaningful teaching about the Holocaust with Museum historians and educators. Find new sessions that demonstrate how to integrate Holocaust history into both ELA and social studies instruction.

From Project Sphere

Check out this episode of Project Sphere, In What Areas Does the Executive Have Too Much Power? along with this lesson, Checks and Balances and Separation of Powers.

Executive power has grown significantly since the founding of the United States, often stretching beyond its original constitutional limits.

• But how much power is too much?
• What safeguards exist to keep the executive branch in check?
• And what guidance does the Constitution provide on the proper exercise of presidential authority?

From The Retro Report: Help Your Students Understand the Debate Around Immigration and Migration

Immigration was a centerpiece of the 2024 presidential campaign and continues to be a focus at the beginning of President Donald Trump’s second term. Retro Report's Teaching About Immigration and Migration Collection explores immigration and migration issues at particular points in the recent history of the United States, helping students analyze how immigration and migration are themes throughout U.S. history.

Participate in DIG "Reading Like a Historian" Project

The American Institutes for Research is offering school districts an opportunity to join an exciting new project that will provide high school U.S. history teachers with access to new research-backed Reading Like a Historian (RLH) curriculum materials and provide them with 20-hours of free professional development from the Digital Inquiry Group (DIG), formerly the Stanford History Education Group (SHEG).

Participation in this project is offered at no cost, and teachers will be compensated for their time.

Reading Like a Historian (RLH) is an award-winning history curriculum in which students use historical documents to answer questions about the past and develop arguments supported by evidence. The new RLH lessons developed for this project also feature integrated formative assessments and incorporate digital literacy skills from DIG’s Civic Online Reasoning (COR) curriculum that help students evaluate the credibility of information on the internet, a necessary skill for democratic participation in the 21st century. RLH and COR have logged more than 15 million downloads, and both are backed by peer-reviewed research that shows their effectiveness.

The Summer PD Social Studies Calendar is now available

The first draft of the 2025 Summer Social Studies Professional Development opportunities spreadsheet is now available. As you take a peek, anything that is NOT highlighted is currently open.

Many thanks to Stefanie Wager at the Iowa Department of Education for creating this calendar and updating the spreadsheet as more opportunities open.

From The Committee of Seventy: Sign up for C70's election programs this primary

The Committee of Seventy sponsors the PA Youth Mock Election, which gives students hands-on practice casting votes for real candidates who appear on their ballot. The Mock Election is available for free to all Pennsylvania teachers. C70 provides digital instructions for how classrooms can participate, plus access to C70's nonpartisan Interactive Voter Guide for students to research their choices. The Mock Election supplements C70's Elections & Voting curriculum (also free!), developed in partnership with our partners at PA Youth Vote. We invite teachers to sign up before the election on May 20th. Once materials are available, they will be sent shortly after you sign up.

C70 connects classrooms to candidates each election so that students can interview the people running to represent them. C70 works with teachers to connect with candidates or public officials from all parties, across all levels of government. Students supply the questions on issues they care about, while C70 will set up the schedule. Most interviews, about 15-20 minutes long, are conducted via zoom so that they can be easily streamed on Facebook and recorded for the public to watch. See previous interviews on YouTube. Teachers can sign up here to request an interview.

Sign up for The National Council for the Social Studies Smartbrief

Founded in 1921, National Council for the Social Studies is the largest professional association in the country devoted solely to social studies education. NCSS engages and supports educators in strengthening and advocating social studies. With members in all the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and 35 countries, NCSS serves as an umbrella organization for elementary, secondary, and college teachers of history, civics, geography, economics, political science, sociology, psychology, anthropology, and law-related education. The NCSS membership represents K-12 classroom teachers, college and university faculty members, curriculum designers and specialists, social studies supervisors, and leaders in the various disciplines that constitute the social studies. Explore what they have to offer and sign up for their weekly newsletter delivered directly to your inbox.

Explore resources from C-Span Classroom

C-SPAN Classroom is a FREE membership service that works with C-SPAN's programs on public affairs, coverage of Congress, non-fiction books and American history to create free resources for teachers, students and the public to use in classrooms, projects or for research.

Their website provides social studies teachers with access to thousands of free resources, including short current events videos, Lesson Plans and Bell Ringers, plus Constitution Clips and On This Day in History events.

From The OER Project: Resources for teaching the Industrial Revolution

In the mid-eighteenth century, humankind began to rapidly expand its technical knowledge, harnessing elemental powers of steam, combustion, and electricity in a process called industrialization. What were its impacts on leading states like Britain and Japan? And how does industrialization relate to today’s climate crisis? Check out these resources from The OER Project.

New GenAI Teach course from KQED

If you’ve been wondering how to use AI in a way that actually supports student creativity and critical thinking (without replacing their voices), KQED's new course Partner with GenAI to Elevate Authentic Student Voice is for you! Start exploring how you can work with Generative AI in your classroom, not against it, and apply the principles from our GenAI Guidelines to help students navigate this technology responsibly. Designed for 6-12 educators, this course is free and available fully online.

Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History Announces 2024 Pennsylvania History Teacher of the Year

Congratulations to Pennsylvania Social Studies educator Joseph Daniels II from The Westtown School in West Chester PA for being named the 2024 Pennsylvania State History Teacher of the Year by the Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History! The History Teacher of the Year Award highlights the crucial importance of history education by honor exceptional American history teachers from elementary through high school.

Reform to Equal Rights - Disability History Curriculum

Reform to Equal Rights traces evolving struggles across two centuries by people with disabilities for necessary resources for life and work, services, and political and civil rights. The curriculum emphasizes evidence-based student investigation of policy, culture, media, social change, and activism, always emphasizing the actions, experiences, and voices of people with disabilities. Nearly 250 primary sources support inquiry. The curriculum highlights opportunities throughout for students to participate in inclusive civic engagement projects. Lessons integrate with common content: reformers, impacts of wars, immigration, changing roles of government, social movements, and civic engagement.

From the OER Project: Teaching with Maps

Maps are more than just places on a page—they’re the fields on which history takes place. OER Project’s teaching with maps page showcases a new lesson plan loaded with activities to get students thinking about the uses and limitations of cartography, plus instant access to their archive of political and thematic maps.

From The American Historical Association

The AHA has published American Lesson Plan: Teaching US History in Secondary Schools, a groundbreaking journey through curriculum mandates and classroom practices in our nation's public schools. The report summarizes the results of the most comprehensive study of secondary US history education undertaken in the 21st century.

Their research was launched in 2022 in response to the contentious debate over how our schools teach history. The diverse perspectives on those controversies shared one crucial element in common: a lack of evidence. The resulting report, which is available in full on their website and as a downloadable PDF, provides an unprecedented view of the full picture of middle and high school US history instruction across the country.

New From Facing History and Ourselves

Current Events Toolkit

This Toolkit created by Facing History and Ourselves, offers tools and strategies to help teachers organize discussions on current events in their classrooms. Designed for teachers who are just getting started addressing current events with their students—or who are looking to learn new strategies for engaging students in discussions about the news or controversial topics—begin by exploring the resources in the toolkit.

National Constitution Center Scholar Exchange

The National Constitution Center will be hosting Scholar Exchanges throughout the 2024-2025 school year. The Scholar Exchanges give students the opportunity to discuss constitutional topics with a lawyer, judge, or constitutional scholar and their peers from around the country, Sessions are free and open to classes ranging from elementary school to college.

New from PBS LearningMedia: WHAT is Media Literacy and HOW Can Simple Shifts Center It?

Media literacy is the ability to access, analyze, evaluate, create, and act using all forms of communication.

Teach media literacy in your classroom and help your students learn to combat misinformation, empower them to ask questions, think critically, and create media in a variety of formats. This article, written by middle school teacher Mary Kate Longergan, introduces three easy-to-implement shifts you can make to help center media literacy within your classroom.

From PBS LearningMedia: Native American Heritage Collection

Take a look at Indigenous art, history, and culture as told through the historians, artists, students, and scientists in this featured resource collection.

Resources for Native American History Month

November is Native American Heritage Month. The National Archives, Library of Congress, and the Smithsonian have curated resources and lesson plans to enhance your classroom practice. Keep this site bookmarked to find ways to integrate Native American History throughout the year.

For more resources to teach inclusive history per the Illinois mandates, check out our Inclusive History Toolkit.

Welcome Back! Please check out the following resources to supplement you back to school instruction. Reminder, Act 35 reporting is due on October 4, 2024!

This site provides free resources - including over 65 videos on constitutional concepts and Supreme Court cases as well as games, lesson plans, timelines, downloadable books, a glossary, and a Constitution guide.

Annenberg Classroom – Resources For Excellent Civics Education

Act 25 of 2024

On June 17, 2024 Governor Shapiro signed into law Act 25 of 2024, amending the Public School Code of 1949 – requiring school entities to observe a moment of silence on the September 11 2001 anniversary. The Pennsylvania Department of Education is working on supporting schools to implement Act 25 and will provide appropriate curriculum resources and other materials to be posted in the SAS portal in the coming months.

From the National Constitution Center

Recapping the Supreme Court’s 2023-24 Term. Now that the Supreme Court term has ended, the Court has issued a series of decisions in many blockbuster cases. Sarah Isgur of The Dispatch and Marcia Coyle of The National Law Journal join Jeffrey Rosen to review the Supreme Court’s most important decisions from this term thus far.

US Senate Youth Program Information for PA Educators

Now in its 63rd year, the United States Senate Youth Scholarship Program offers an outstanding opportunity for exceptional student leaders. Here in Pennsylvania, the Pennsylvania Department of Education (PDE) works collaboratively with the Pennsylvania Association of Student Councils (PASC) to administer the program.

Sponsored by the William Randolph Hearst Foundation, the program features an all-expense paid, week-long program (March 1-8, 2025) in Washington, D.C., as well as the award of a $10,000 collegiate scholarship to each of two student delegates from each state. More information regarding this program can be accessed at United States Senate Youth Program More information regarding the process in Pennsylvania can be found at What is the United States Senate Youth Program?. You may also read the attached letter for more information as well.

You may contact Dr. Felix Yerace, the Pennsylvania Coordinator for the Hearst Foundation, for more information, at senateyouth@pasc.net or at 412-221-4542 x603 as well.

Mark Schonwetter Holocaust Education Foundation Grant

The Mark Schonwetter Holocaust Education Foundation is an organization that provides grants for educators to teach anti-hate initiatives, respect, and kindness to students nationwide through Holocaust education. The grant allows educators to teach their students about the Holocaust – empowering them to learn how the lessons of the past can lead to kindness, respect, and inclusion in our society today. Each grant is capped at $1,000. The grant can be used to purchase educational materials, such as books for the classroom; help fund experiences, such as subsidizing the cost of transportation to a museum; help cover speaker fees for survivor speakers; or to bring programming into the school, such as traveling museum exhibits. The foundation has hosted several teacher resource webinars to introduce educators to a multitude of programming that is available nationwide. The grant application portal opens in mid-August. Teachers who teach 4th to 12th grade are eligible to apply.

To be added to their list and be notified when the grant portal opens, please email ann@mshefoundation.org.

Tools for Discussing Current and Contested Public Issues from Street Law

In the cacophony of modern discourse, where social posts and sound bites often drown out thoughtful reflection, the art of engaging in thoughtful, deliberative discussions presents an opportunity for change.

Unfortunately, handling these important conversations in the classroom is filled with challenges that understandably deter some educators. The fear of controversy and stepping on ideological landmines can paralyze even the most dedicated teacher.

Street Law recognizes this struggle and provides a lifeline—a toolbox of proven curricular materials designed to structure and ignite meaningful conversations.

Let’s Brief the Chief! New Game from iCivics

iCivics recently debuted Brief the Chief, their newest game created in partnership with The White House Historical Association. Your students take on the role of the ultimate presidential advisor as they navigate iconic moments that define American history.

Strategize with President Thomas Jefferson on securing the vital Port of New Orleans during the Louisiana Purchase or navigating the trade relationship with the newly independent Haiti.

Brief President Abraham Lincoln as he crafts the Emancipation Proclamation or addresses the situation in Fort Sumter.

Advise President Lyndon B. Johnson as he considers the complexities of a potential 1968 reelection run or how to strengthen voting rights amid marches in Alabama in 1965.

With a focus on listening and contextualizing, Brief the Chief introduces students to the variety of voices that influence the president. Throughout the game, students practice interview-based decision making and evidence-based reasoning without being responsible for outcomes.

Along with providing pre- and post-activities and a teacher guide, the Brief the Chief Extension Pack will support you in deepening learning with a one-pager on each scenario and bios on each person.

Native Knowledge 360

Native Knowledge 360° (NK360°), by the National Museum of the American Indian, provides educational resources and teacher training that incorporate Native narratives, more comprehensive histories, and accurate information to enlighten and inform teaching and learning about Native America.

Let’s Go! Virtual Field Trips from PBS

Let’s Go!, an original series from WNED PBS, offers adventure to young, curious learners through behind-the-scenes virtual field trips. Come along with our host Chrisena as she interacts with experts and visits exciting sites throughout Western New York. Let’s Go! is perfect for educators, kids, their caregivers, and anyone who loves to explore! Each episode is accompanied by several activities that can be completed in the classroom or at home. Activities are directly related to the field trip site and provide many cross-curricular opportunities. This curriculum was designed with students ages 7-11 in mind but is easily adaptable for those younger and older.

This Day in History

Discover what happened with History’s summaries of major events, anniversaries, famous births, and notable deaths each day, delivered right to your inbox.

From The National Constitution Center: Rights Around the World

What rights does the United States share with other countries around the world? At least 32 separate rights are found in the U.S. Constitution; explore which other countries have adopted similar rights using this interactive resource.

Combating Media Bias – Allsides

Allsides. Everyone is biased — and that's okay. There's no such thing as unbiased news. But hidden media bias misleads, manipulates, and divides us. So, everyone should learn how to spot media bias.

Democracy for Kids, K-8
The Democracy for Kids program is designed for elementary and middle school kids. Resources include reading lists and discussion questions from children's books tied to basic themes of civics. C70 also developed STAR Cards, which are decks of cards with prompts that are perfect for morning meetings. They are free to obtain and easy to use.

If you are interested in participating, please reach out to Justin Villere jvillere@seventy.org to learn more.


Can We Talk?
Can We Talk? is C70’s effort to combat polarization and social isolation. It aims to equip students with the skills to have productive dialogue with other students from different backgrounds and life experiences on a range of issues. There are 12 different lesson plans, from 15-40 minutes in length. Before doing a lesson, it would be helpful to first introduce students to the ground rules for productive dialogue. C70 is running a statewide event on April 25th, where students can interact with others who come from different backgrounds or life experiences. They'll practice the skills they are developing here.

Contact Justin Villere jvillere@seventy.org to learn more.

From the OER Project: Womens’ Achievements Throughout History

Women in Science: Breakthroughs
Use this lesson plan to explore women's achievements in science during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Students will meet luminaries like physicist Dr. Chien-Shiung Wu and Henrietta Leavitt, and even get a little working knowledge of astrophysics that will help them put their breakthroughs into context. Illuminate them!

Women in Han China and Medieval Europe

The experiences of women have varied widely across time and geography, but how different was life for women between twelfth century Han China and western Europe during the medieval period? Read up on China and Europe, and then tackle this comparison activity with your class!

Looking for more resources? Check out the OER’s women in history page! If you've already used some of these resources, or have questions for your fellow teachers, drop by the dedicated Community thread to share your thoughts. It's a great place to get support and expand on these topics.

New From PBS

Explore What's New in the Election Central Collection

With the 2024 Presidential elections just around the corner, it’s important to start talking with your students about voting and elections and why they are essential parts of our democracy. Brush up on civics 101, keep up with 2024 election news, study the history and process of elections, explore the media’s role in coverage, and encourage civic participation in your classroom with their updated collection of videos, activities, and fun lesson plans.

The Civics Center

The Civics Center’s mission is to make voter registration part of every high school in America. The Center estimates that only 30% of 18-year-olds are registered to vote.

Half of US teens can preregister at age 16. Another 20% can do so starting around 17. Of the remaining 30%, most have time to register during their senior year. High school is the time and place to get it done! Educators have an important role to play in welcoming young people into our democracy and instilling a lifelong interest in voting and good citizenship. Learn more about what the Center can offer you.

TVW Civics Champions Pilot

Teach with TVW (the educational arm of TVW) is working on a new project to increase youth engagement in our political system and improve youth voter turnout by increasing awareness of our PCO and precinct system through high school & community college civics classes. Teach with TVW is creating nonpartisan lesson plans and activities for our teachers to adopt and use.

The Civic Champions project is looking to build a coalition of folks who are interested in engaging young people and strengthening democracy! We are seeking enthusiastic educators willing to pilot our nonpartisan lesson plans and activities before the end of the school year. Thank you for considering this opportunity. Your involvement is crucial in empowering the next generation of informed and engaged citizens. Please see the flyer and email Chirag Vedullapalli (chiragdart@gmail.com) if interested.

Mark Schonwetter Holocaust Education Foundation Grant

The Mark Schonwetter Holocaust Education Foundation is an organization that provides grant opportunities grants for educators to teach anti-hate initiatives, respect, and kindness to students nationwide through Holocaust education. The grant allows educators to teach their students about the Holocaust – empowering them to learn how the lessons of the past can lead to kindness, respect, and inclusion in our society today. Each grant is capped at $1,000. The grant can be used to purchase educational materials, such as books for the classroom; help fund experiences, such as subsidizing the cost of transportation to a museum; help cover speaker fees for survivor speakers; or to bring programming into the school, such as traveling museum exhibits. The foundation has hosted several teacher resource webinars to introduce educators to a multitude of programming that is available nationwide. The grant application portal opens in mid-August. 4th to 12th grade teachers are eligible to apply.

To be added to their list and be notified when the grant portal opens, please email ann@mshefoundation.org.

From The Pennsylvania Council for Social Studies

Check out Founding Forward!

Our friends at the Union League Legacy Foundation and at Freedoms Foundation of Valley Forge have merged together to form Founding Forward, a 501(c)3 nonprofit charity. The new program is the result of a merger between these two organizations, founded in 1947 and 1949 respectively, united based on their long-standing partnership and shared values. Together as Founding Forward, they will combine their greatest assets and strengths to become the leading voice and institution in civic education.

Founding Forward’s work is guided by a belief in the importance of the founding principles established by the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution. Founding Forward educates and inspires the leaders of today and tomorrow to carry these principles forward.

PA Civics

PA Civics is a coalition of former elected officials and nonpartisan, nonprofit organizations with a mission to support, promote, and expand civics education in Pennsylvania.

The coalition's membership has almost doubled over the last year, which has resulted in more high-quality teaching resources, professional development opportunities, and educational events for educators to use.

PACivics.org is continually updating; it now contains seven different teaching and learning pathways that are aligned to the Pennsylvania state standards and the Educating for American Democracy Roadmap. Mix and match these free resources to fit any age group and grade level from Pre-K to College.

Supports for Teaching the Israel-Hamas War

Israel-Hamas War Resources Guide

Support for Classroom Discussion on the Israel-Hamas War

Terrorism and Violent Extremism (United Nations)

Resources for Teaching about Israel and Gaza

Processing Attacks in Israel and the Outbreak of War in the Region - Facing History & Ourselves: “Help students process violence, terror, and the loss of life in the wake of attacks in Israel and Israel's declaration of war against Hamas.”

How to talk to your children about conflict and war – UNICEF: “8 tips on how to approach the conversation with children and to provide them with support and comfort.”

Handle With Care: Supporting Young People During Crises Learning for Justice: “People are continuously struggling to respond when traumatizing events occur in our communities, across the country and around the world. For families, educators, and community members who must respond to the needs of children as a traumatizing event unfolds, we’ve gathered recommendations and resources to support you.”

How do I talk to my kids about violence in the news? and Explaining the News to Our Kids - Common Sense Media: “Even when we're struggling, our kids look to us for answers. Knowing how and when to talk with kids—and when to listen—can help. Get age-appropriate ideas for talking and listening.”

New from the OER Project – The Skill of Historical Sourcing

Sourcing and history are an essential pairing, much like peanut butter and jelly. Use these engaging lessons on the Roman Empire, the Mongols, and the Black Death to teach your students the skill of historical sourcing.

Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland Shares New Ohio Financial Literacy Curriculum Guide

Designed to help educators and schools fulfill Ohio’s standalone financial literacy course requirement, the Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland developed a free Ohio Financial Literacy Curriculum Guide (High School Edition). The guide covers 18 weeks, or one semester, and divides content into 3-week-long units for six topics. The Federal Reserve has aligned lessons, activities, and other resources in the guide with Ohio’s Financial Literacy Standards and Model Curriculum for High School. This curriculum guide contains resources drawn primarily from the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis’s Econ Lowdown® economic education website, with additional material from the Cleveland Fed and other sources.

Free American History Resources for K-12 Students from Gilder Lehrman

The Gilder Lehrman Institute offers numerous free programs and activities designed to make history come alive for K–12 students.

They include programs such as History U, the AP US History Guide, Transcribe!, scholarship opportunities, and other resources. The Institute invites educators to explore ways students, teachers and parents can engage with the Gilder Lehrman Institute resources.

iCivics Releases New Constitutional Compromise Interactive, Online Game

Constitutional Compromise challenges students to find a way forward for a young nation as disagreements mount. iCivics designed the game to engage students in the ideas discussed at the Constitutional Convention of 1787 and discover how compromises one might make today compared to those made by the 55 delegates.

Retro Report Shares Advanced Placement United States History Resource Collection

RetroReport has released an Advanced Placement (AP) United States History collection that includes more than 75 films to meet the needs of teachers and students. Most of these Retro Report resources fit with Periods 7 through 9 of the AP course and are organized by topic.

Street Law Summer Institute Applications Now Open

Street Law is now accepting applications for its 2024 Supreme Court Summer Institute for Teachers.

You could be one of 60 secondary social studies educators selected to strengthen and expand your instruction on the Court and its cases!

• Gain unrivaled access to a stellar lineup of SCOTUS experts and advocates

• Learn innovative methods to teach about current and historical cases

• Hear decisions announced in the courtroom and attend a special reception at the Court (Court schedule permitting)

Application deadline: March 1, 2024