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Styles and Strategies
Chapter 5
Style: Refers to consistent and enduring tendencies, or preferences. It is the characteristics of functioning that are yours and differentiate you from others.
Strategies: Methods of approaching tasks. They are specific actions, behaviors, techniques and steps.
Strategies: Methods of approaching tasks. They are specific actions, behaviors, techniques and steps.
Styles
The way we learn or handle a problem is cognitive style (a link between cognition and personality). Cognitive style specific to educational content is called a learning style. This is how we process information.
9 Styles Relevant to Second Language Acquisition
- Field interdependence dependence: field independent
- Random (non-linear) vs. sequential (linear)
- Global vs. particular
- Inductive vs. deductive
- Synthetic vs. analytic
- Analogue vs. digital
- Concrete vs. abstract
- Leveling vs. sharpening
- Impulsive vs. reflective
Field Independence/Dependence
Field independent learners are individualists and have the ability to find items within other content or distractions. This learner likes direct instruction in the classroom.
Field dependent learners are consultative, work with others and see the entire picture better than the smaller details. This learner likes indirect learning, such as learning outside the classroom.
Studies suggest that FI learners might be superior second language learners and develop better pronunciation.
Field dependent learners are consultative, work with others and see the entire picture better than the smaller details. This learner likes indirect learning, such as learning outside the classroom.
Studies suggest that FI learners might be superior second language learners and develop better pronunciation.
Left Brain vs. Right Brain
Left brain dominant second language learners prefer deductive, or separated teaching.
Right brain dominant second language learners prefer inductive, or whole teaching.
Right brain dominant second language learners prefer inductive, or whole teaching.
Ambiguity Tolerance
Ambiguity tolerance is the degree to which you are cognitively willing to tolerate ideas contradictory to your beliefs.
Reflectivity vs. Impulsivity
Impulsivity is a quick guess, or gambling.
Reflectivity is calculated and slow.
Reflective learners may prefer inductive learning. Reflective students were more accurate in reading. They also require more patience while impulsive learners need teachers to not judge their mistakes too harshly.
Reflectivity is calculated and slow.
Reflective learners may prefer inductive learning. Reflective students were more accurate in reading. They also require more patience while impulsive learners need teachers to not judge their mistakes too harshly.
Visual, Auditory, Kinesthetic
3 A's of Language Development
Autonomy
Autonomy requires strategies.
Awareness
Awareness is metacognitive awareness. Learners of Spanish as a second language showed improvement when under awareness raising.
Action
Awareness without action is useless. Once learners are aware of their styles, they can use strategies to take action.
Strategies
Strategies are moment-by-moment techniques that are used to solve problems posed by second language input and output. They are procedures that facilitate learning.
Two Types of Strategies
- Learning Strategies: Relates to input, the processing, storage, and retrieval of incoming messages.
- Communication Strategies: Relates to output, how we productively express meaning, and how we deliver messages to others.
Learning Strategies
Metacognitive
Strategies that involve planning for learning, thinking about the learning process, monitoring one's own production and comprehension, and evaluating learning after an activity has taken place.
Strategies that involve planning for learning, thinking about the learning process, monitoring one's own production and comprehension, and evaluating learning after an activity has taken place.
Cognitive
Strategies that are limited to specific learning tasks and involve more direct manipulation of the learning material itself.
- Repetition
- Resourcing
- Translation
- Grouping
- Note taking
- Deduction
- Recombination
- Imagery
- Auditory representation
- Keyword
- Contextualization
- Elaboration
- Transfer
- Inferencing
Socioaffective
Strategies that have to do with interacting with others.
Strategies that have to do with interacting with others.
- Cooperation
- Question for clarification
Communication Strategies
Avoidance
- Syntactic or Lexical Avoidance: Avoiding words that the learner cannot think to produce.
- Phonological Avoidance: Avoiding words that are too difficult to pronounce correctly.
- Topic Avoidance: Avoiding a topic of conversation entirely, such as changing the subject, pretending not to understand, not responding at all, or abandoning a message that is too difficult to express.
you really shouldn't mumble
Compensatory
- Code Switching: Unconsciously using the first or third language within a stream of speech in the second language.
- Prefabricated Patterns: Using memorized phrases, or sentences often found in bilingual phrase books.
- Appeal to Authority: Asking a proficient speaker, or a bilingual dictionary for help.
Strategies-Based Instruction
Strategies-based instruction is the link between styles and strategies. Learner strategies are the key to learner autonomy. We must teach learners how to learn.
Direct Strategies
Strategies-Based Instruction
Indirect Strategies
Strategy Inventory for Language Learning
Click the button to view the SILL. The SILL is the most widely used instrument for learners to identify their preferred learning strategies. It is composed of 50 questions, divided into 6 categories.
Why is it Important to Identify Students' Perferred Learning Strategies?
This will...
- Lower inhibitions
- Encourage risk taking
- Build self-confidence
- Develop intrinsic motivation
- Promote cooperative learning
- Encourage students to use right-brain processes
- Promote ambiguity tolerance
- Help students use their intuition
- Get students to make their mistakes work FOR them.
- Get students to set their own goals
Reference List
Strosaker, G. (2010). Developing a Tolerance for Ambiguity. Retrieved on May 5, 2014, from http://gregstrosaker.com/2010/01/developing-a-tolerance-for-ambiguity/
Chapel, C. (2009). Individual Learner Difference in CALL: The Field Independence/Dependence FID Construct. Retrieved on May 5, 2014, from https://calico.org/a-740-Individual%20Learner%20Differences%20in%20CALL%20The%20Field%20Independence/Dependence%20FID%20Construct.html
Ritholtz, B. Left Vs. Right Brain. Retrieved on May 5, 2014, from http://www.ritholtz.com/blog/2012/04/left-vs-right-brain/
Dupuy. R. Reflectivity and Impulsivity. Retrieved May 5, 2014, from https://learni.st/users/33028/boards/10159-keynote-powerpoint-images
Learning Style. Retrieved on May 5, 2014, from http://www.ibteducation.org/learning-style/
Retrieved May 5, 2014, from http://mentalhealthcop.files.wordpress.com/2012/09/autonomy-416.jpg
Retrieved May 5, 2014, from http://www.cast.org/teachingeverystudent/sitewide/glossarymain.cfm?g_term=meta-awareness
The Anatomy of a Perfect Call to Action and Why They are Critical for Site Conversions. Retrieved May 5, 2014, from http://www.inboundnow.com/the-anatomy-of-a-perfect-call-to-action/
Kapoor, S. (2014) Thinking Cap: A-to-Z Challenge. Retrieved May 5, 2014, from http://blog.shinekapoor.com/2014/04/thinking-cap-to-z-challenge-april-2014.html
Retrieved May 5, 2014, from http://watermelongifs.tumblr.com/post/19913994575
Burton, T. (2005). Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory. Retrieved May 5, 2014, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EdnFPbCQy98
Is Code Switching the Same as Lack of Fluency? (2012). Retrieved May 5, 2014, from http://voxy.com/blog/index.php/2012/04/code-switching-and-fluency/
Useful Spanish Phrases. Retrieved May 5, 2014, from http://www.boliviabella.com/spanish.html
Bilash, O. Learning Styles and Language Learning. Retrieved on May 5, 2014, from http://www.educ.ualberta.ca/staff/olenka.Bilash/best%20of%20bilash/language%20learning%20strats.html
Brown, D. (2011). Principles of Language Learning and Teaching. Retrieved on May 5, 2014, from http://www.bestreferat.ru/referat-331371.html
Brown, D. (2007). Principles of Language Learning and Teaching (5th ed.). White Plain, NY: Pearson Education.
Chapel, C. (2009). Individual Learner Difference in CALL: The Field Independence/Dependence FID Construct. Retrieved on May 5, 2014, from https://calico.org/a-740-Individual%20Learner%20Differences%20in%20CALL%20The%20Field%20Independence/Dependence%20FID%20Construct.html
Ritholtz, B. Left Vs. Right Brain. Retrieved on May 5, 2014, from http://www.ritholtz.com/blog/2012/04/left-vs-right-brain/
Dupuy. R. Reflectivity and Impulsivity. Retrieved May 5, 2014, from https://learni.st/users/33028/boards/10159-keynote-powerpoint-images
Learning Style. Retrieved on May 5, 2014, from http://www.ibteducation.org/learning-style/
Retrieved May 5, 2014, from http://mentalhealthcop.files.wordpress.com/2012/09/autonomy-416.jpg
Retrieved May 5, 2014, from http://www.cast.org/teachingeverystudent/sitewide/glossarymain.cfm?g_term=meta-awareness
The Anatomy of a Perfect Call to Action and Why They are Critical for Site Conversions. Retrieved May 5, 2014, from http://www.inboundnow.com/the-anatomy-of-a-perfect-call-to-action/
Kapoor, S. (2014) Thinking Cap: A-to-Z Challenge. Retrieved May 5, 2014, from http://blog.shinekapoor.com/2014/04/thinking-cap-to-z-challenge-april-2014.html
Retrieved May 5, 2014, from http://watermelongifs.tumblr.com/post/19913994575
Burton, T. (2005). Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory. Retrieved May 5, 2014, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EdnFPbCQy98
Is Code Switching the Same as Lack of Fluency? (2012). Retrieved May 5, 2014, from http://voxy.com/blog/index.php/2012/04/code-switching-and-fluency/
Useful Spanish Phrases. Retrieved May 5, 2014, from http://www.boliviabella.com/spanish.html
Bilash, O. Learning Styles and Language Learning. Retrieved on May 5, 2014, from http://www.educ.ualberta.ca/staff/olenka.Bilash/best%20of%20bilash/language%20learning%20strats.html
Brown, D. (2011). Principles of Language Learning and Teaching. Retrieved on May 5, 2014, from http://www.bestreferat.ru/referat-331371.html
Brown, D. (2007). Principles of Language Learning and Teaching (5th ed.). White Plain, NY: Pearson Education.